Minibuses are the backbone of public transport in African cities, yet they remain one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonize. This new discussion paper, developed by GIZ and VREF, explores the complex transition from fossil fuel-powered fleets to electric minibuses (e-minibuses).

Drawing on insights from a regional exchange held in Kigali in 2024, the paper presents:

• Eight core propositions on how the shift to e-mobility might unfold, touching on industry structure, finance, and social inclusion.
• A pre-project evaluation framework to help decision-makers assess the feasibility of electrification projects in diverse urban contexts.
• Practical perspectives from countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, and Tanzania, highlighting both local innovations and systemic hurdles.

The publication emphasizes that electrifying minibuses is not just a technical swap of vehicles, but a powerful entry point for broader public transport reforms that can lead to cleaner air, reduced emissions, and improved conditions for both operators and passengers.